The basis of the Ohmic Heating process is the transmission of alternating electric current through multi-phase solutions that is followed by heat generation due to particle resistance to the transmitted electric current. Throughout the present study, simultaneous transfer of heat and electricity was modeled in a two-phase system of solid-liquid food to investigate the critical factors affecting the process. A three-dimensional simulation was employed in the modeling to investigate the effect of particle distribution, salt diffusion as well as electrical conductivity. The results revealed that there existed a good agreement between the results of the modeling with the experimental results. It was also revealed that with increase in the concentration of salts and electrical conductivity, heating rate increased. In total, it can be concluded that heat and electricity diffusion throughout the product is faster than that in conventional heating methods and proceed similarly and almost with equal speed in both liquid and solid phases.

A survey on the morphology and biology of the elm leaf-mining moth Bucculatrix ulmifoliae was conducted under natural conditions. The developmental periods of 1th+2th, 3th, 4th and 5th larval instars as well as pupa were calculated as 6.40 ± 0.67, 1.76 ± 0.12, 1.92 ± 0.20, 3.51 ± 0.37, 9.61 ± 0.77 days, in a cage at field; and 6.40 ± 0.66, 1.50 ± 0.27, 1.78 ± 0.47, 2.71 ± 0.48, 7.64 ± 0.33 days at the laboratory (25 ± 2°C, RH 65 ± 5 and 16L: 8D hours) respectively. The average life span of the moth was obtained as 23.04 ± 1.02 days at the laboratory and 25.84 ± 0.91 days at the field. Adults of the first generation appeared in early April. The fertile females laid their eggs underside of leaves near the midribs. Upon hatching, the first instar larva penetrates directly via base of the egg into the leaf tissue and creates the mine. B. ulmifoliae had three generations of which the second generation showed its tendency for oviposition. Third generation was observed from the first half of August, and overwintering started at the first half of September. The first and second instars mined the leaf and fed inside, while the other instars fed externally on the underside. Bucculatrix ulmifoliae has three generations a year and overwintering as a pupa in a cocoon in the crevices of barks and fallen leaves on the ground.

In this research, pollen grains of ten species and two subspecies of the genus Hypericum in Iran belonging to four sections were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains are monad, isopolar to subisopolar and heteropolar, prolate, subprolate, spheroidal and prolate-spheroidal in shape, small to medium in size. The outline of pollen grains varies from round to triangular, quadrangular and ovate from polar view and elliptical, tetrahedral, quadrangular, round and ovate from equatorial view; 3 and 4 syncolporate to 3, 4 and 6 zonocolporate. Based on exine sculpturing, pore shape, size and muri thickness, the examined species are divided in two main types including scrobiculate and micro reticulate and 2 subtypes including small pore / thick muri and large pore / thin muri. The pores are arranged from irregular to regular-irregular with regular intervals. The current result revealed taxonomically important palynological data of the genus Hypericum. These traits can be used for infrageneric classification, especially at sectional and species levels.

In this study, the thermal characteristics of an individual room in a building are measured by making use of environmental data. Subsequently, the target heat capacity consumption by the air-conditioning system can be calculated and controlled, depending on the environmental target. By establishing the relationship between a change in the room environment (environmental evaluation index) and the heat capacity consumption of the room (the amount of change of the enthalpy) by the air conditioning, we can calculate the target heat capacity consumption feasible as an environmental target. Relying on an environmental target in calculating the target heat capacity consumption enables setting suitable targets to avert the risk of heat exhaustion or even heatstroke to the residents of the building. In addition, a useful room heat capacity model is suggested that includes a management method using a heat capacity consumption target, with an administration table for evaluating the target.

Saponaria species are morphologically very similar so that their taxonomy has been a challenging subject for a long time. In order to clarify the taxonomy of the genus, materials deposited in the herbaria (TARI, IRAN and FUMH) of Iran were examined. Seed micro-morphology of 10 speceis of the genus Saponaria L. (Caryophyllaceae) were studied. Averag Linkage clustering filamentograms based on about 14 quantitative and qualitative traits were identified and coded to be very close to morphological cluster phonograms, and quantitative traits related to the seeds were carefully measured using the software, also PCA analysis was performed and the most variable characteristics were determined, including seed shape, cell shape and, cell margin shape, length to grain width ratio and length to cell width ratio. The micro-morphological characters of the seeds were evaluated as possible taxonomical characteristics of the species. Seed micro-morphology varied among the species and its taxonomic value was significant in distinguishing taxa at the species level.

Phylogenetic relationship and seed morphological characters of 11 species belong to Medicagoid Trigonella, six non Medicagoid and one species of each genera of Medicago and Melilotus were estimated before based on ITS sequences by using Baysian inference and maximum parsimony. In this paper, scanning Electron Microscope and stereomicroscope for seed morphological characters were used. Seed morphology results indicated that majority of Medicagoid Trigonella species belong to Bucerates and Lunatae sections placed in two close subclusters and joined together as did by Baysian analysis results. Both studies confirmed that Medicago radiata is sister for these species. Our results confirm that using molecular and morphological characters data are reliable evidence in systematic discriminations of the taxa.

Pollen morphology of 10 Allium L. taxa growing in Iran, representing three subgenera and six sections, were investigated via scanning electron microscopy. Pollen morphological characteristics indicated that pollen grains are monosulcate, heteropolar, and ellipsoidal. Polar axis revealed variation between 13. 84 and 20. 01 μ m while Equatorial axis ranged from 20. 4 to 42. 37 μ m. The forms of pollen grains were oblate, peroblate, and suboblate (mean of P/E ratio was 0. 43 to 0. 80). The aperture type and exine ornamentation were not homogeneous among the studied species. It was also observed that the sulcus extended from distal to proximal in two species of sect. Allium and one species of sect. Melanocrommyum. The exine was semitectate and the tectum was perforate. The variation in the main pollen characteristics in the investigated taxa allowed for recognizing two types of pollen grains in subg. Allium, Melanocrommyum and Amerallium: The first type had perforate rugulate trimming and high density of pollen perforations while the second type had perforate-striate-rugulate ornamentation and a low number of exine surface perforations.